Insects in agroecosystems contend with many stressors–eg, chemicals, heat, nutrient
deprivation–that are often encountered at low levels. Exposure to mild stress is now well …

The field of dose–response has received attention from the early modern period in the
history of science. While it was thought that linear dose–response is the rule of thumb …

Increasing amounts of silver iodide (AgI) in the environment are expected because of the
recent massive expansion of weather modification programs. Concurrently …

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide globally. It is a unique non-selective herbicide with a
mode of action that is ideal for vegetation management in both agricultural and non …

Veterinary and human pharmaceuticals have been widely used in the developed world, thus
increasing their accumulation in the environment and thereby posing ecological risks …

In the past, scientific communities obtained the dose–response only partially right. They
correctly described responses at high heavy metal (HM) doses, but ignored and …

Pesticide resistance increases and threatens crop production sustainability. Chemical
contamination contributes to the development of pest resistance to pesticides, in part by …

The organic flame retardants (OFRs) have attracted global concerns due to their potential
toxicity and ubiquitous presence in the aquatic environment. Hormesis refers to a biphasic …

BACKGROUND It is well known that exposure to mild stress can precondition organisms to
better tolerate subsequent stress exposure in the same or future generations. Since …

The hormesis phenomenon is now well recognized, detectable, and quantifiable through
modeling. The modeling of a single curve and its sub-NOAEL (no-observable-adverse-effect …