Long-term administration of morphine for the management of chronic pain will result in
tolerance to its analgesic effect and could even cause drug dependence. Numerous studies …

The pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders is complex and
multifactorial. Polyphenols possess a range of potentially beneficial mechanisms of action …

Background Methamphetamine is a neuro-stimulant with neurodegenerative effects, and
ambiguous mechanism of action. Metformin is an antidiabetic agent with neuroprotective …

Nicotine abuse adversely affects brain and causes apoptotic neurodegeneration. Curcumin-
a bright yellow chemical compound found in turmeric is associated with neuroprotective …

Plastic products are widely used in different applications. Thus, exposure of human and
other organisms to these products may affect their biological system. The current study was …

Arsenic is a recognized highly toxic contaminant, responsible for numerous human diseases
and affecting many millions of people in different parts of the world. Contrarily, curcumin is a …

Background Alcohol abuse causes severe damage to the brain neurons. Studies have
reported the neuroprotective effects of curcumin against alcohol-induced …

Morphine as an opioid is an important drug in the treatment of moderate to severe pain.
Several stress factors via generation of nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress (OS) are …

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central stimulant, prescribed for the treatment of attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The long-term behavioral consequences of MPH treatment are …

Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with
physiologic, cognitive, and brain abnormalities similar to those found in people at risk for …