The physical state of a material is described as its phase. Common phases of the molecule
H2O include vapor, liquid water, and ice. Examples of these phases in the atmosphere are …

This review provides an introduction to ice nucleation processes in supercooled water and
aqueous solutions. Concepts for experimental techniques suitable to study homogeneous …

We present laboratory experiments employing differential scanning calorimetry as well as
flow cell microscopy to study the microphysics of aqueous NaCl and sea‐salt solutions and …

A new optical freezing array for the study of heterogeneous ice nucleation in microliter-sized
droplets is introduced, tested and applied to the study of immersion freezing in aqueous …

The solid and liquid particles which constitute polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are of
manifold importance to the meteorology of the stratosphere. The heterogeneous reactions …

Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles represent one of the most abundant surfaces available for
heterogeneous reactions to occur upon and thus profoundly alter the composition of the …

The application of microscopic Fourier transform infrared (micro-FT-IR) spectroscopy
combined with complementary methods of particle analysis is demonstrated here for …

In order to understand and predict the role of organic particles in the atmosphere their
deliquescence behavior must be understood. Using an optical microscope coupled to a flow …

Aerosol–cloud interactions, including the ice nucleation of supercooled liquid water droplets
caused by ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and macromolecules (INMs), are a source of …

A climatology of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) based on lidar measurements performed
at McMurdo Station, Antarctica (78° S, 167° E) from 1993 to 2001 is presented here. The …