For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional
concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of “the dose makes the poison,” because …

In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a
process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of …

Abstract Thyroid hormones (TH) 3, 5, 3′, 5'-tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4) and 3, 5, 3'-
triiodothyronine (T3) contain iodine atoms as part of their structure, and their synthesis occur …

The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone
(TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the …

Which elements are essential for human life? Here we make an element-by-element journey
through the periodic table and attempt to assess whether elements are essential or not, and …

Abstract The Na+/I− symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates
active I− transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as salivary glands, stomach …

Thyroid hormones (THs) are secreted by the thyroid gland. They control lipid, carbohydrate,
and protein metabolism, heart rate, neural development, as well as cardiovascular, renal …

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) include a wide spectrum of thyroid diseases affecting
more commonly women than men. The most frequent forms are Graves' Disease (GD) and …

Membrane transporters that use energy stored in sodium gradients to drive nutrients into
cells constitute a major class of proteins. We report the crystal structure of a member of the …

Introduction Scintigraphic evaluation of the thyroid gland enables determination of the iodine-
123 iodide or the 99m Tc-pertechnetate uptake and distribution and remains the most …