Ultraviolet (UV) radiation directly affects plants and microorganisms, but also alters the
species-specific interactions between them. The distinct bands of UV radiation, UV-A, UV-B …

Phototropins are blue-light receptors controlling a range of responses that serve to optimize
the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. These include phototropism, light-induced stomatal …

Stomata serve dual and often conflicting roles, facilitating carbon dioxide influx into the plant
leaf for photosynthesis and restricting water efflux via transpiration. Strategies for reducing …

Plants depend on the surrounding light environment to direct their growth. Blue light (300–
500 nm) in particular acts to promote a wide variety of photomorphogenic responses …

▪ Abstract Plants utilize several families of photoreceptors to fine-tune growth and
development over a large range of environmental conditions. The UV-A/blue light sensing …

Signaling photoreceptors use the information contained in the absorption of a photon to
modulate biological activity in plants and a wide range of organisms. The fundamental—and …

Phototropins are light-activated kinases important for plant responses to blue light. Light
initiates signaling in these proteins by generating a covalent protein–flavin mononucleotide …

The recent success of channelrhodopsin in optogenetics has also caused increasing
interest in enzymes that are directly activated by light. We have identified in the genome of …

Modeling and simulation of small molecules such as drugs and biological cofactors have
been both a major focus of computational chemistry for decades and a growing need among …

Fluorescent reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein are valuable noninvasive
molecular tools for in vivo real-time imaging of living specimens. However, their use is …