Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 originated from Wuhan,
China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other areas worldwide. Since then …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract
several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and …

Apelin is a peptide known as the ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Several
active apelin forms exist such as apelin-36, apelin-17, apelin-13, and the pyroglutamated …

Despite evidence of multiorgan tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), direct viral kidney …

Apelin is a vasoactive peptide and is an endogenous ligand for APJ receptors, which are
widely expressed in blood vessels, heart, and cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain …

The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of hypertension, primarily through
the actions of the vasoactive peptide Ang II, which is generated by the action of angiotensin …

A gene encoding a novel class a G-protein-coupled receptor was discovered in 1993 by
homology cloning and was called APJ. It was designated an “orphan” receptor until 1998 …

Apelin is emerging as an important hormone regulator of cardiovascular homoeostasis and
an important biomarker for heart failure. Apelin concentrations have historically been …

Apelin is an adipokine that has been identified as an endogenous ligand for the orphan
receptor APJ. Apelin and APJ are expressed in a diverse range of tissues with particular …

The myocardium consists of different cell types, of which endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes,
and fibroblasts are the most abundant. Communication between these different cell types …