The mechanisms underlying innate immune memory have been extensively explored in the
last decades but are in fact largely unknown. Although the specificity of adaptive immune …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at
significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth …

The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually
exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal …

Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition of infant growth, whose nutritional value is
mainly attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs, the third most abundant …

The adverse impact of microplastics (MPs) on gut microbiota within aquatic animals
depends on the overall effect of chemicals and biofilm of MPs. Thus, it is ideal to fully …

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a natural medium used in cell cultures containing the large
amount of nutrients necessary for cell growth and is often used for in vitro cultures of animal …

The present study investigated the effects of a homogeneous Dendrobium huoshanense
polysaccharide (GXG) on mucosal barrier function and microbiota composition in different …

Every 4–5 days, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are terminated as they reach the end of their
life. This process ensures that the epithelium is comprised of the fittest cells that maintain an …

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when administered in food confer numerous
health benefits. In previous studies about beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria to health …

In this article, key concepts important for mucosal immunity are discussed. The mucosa is
the largest immune organ of the body. The mucosal barrier-the tight junctions and the “kill …