It was once widely held that nearly all reactions in biology were catalyzed via mechanisms
involving paired electron species. Beginning approximately 40 years ago, this paradigm was …

Molybdenum is the only second-row transition metal required by most living organisms, and
is nearly universally distributed in biology. Enzymes containing molybdenum in their active …

The transition element molybdenum needs to be complexed by a special cofactor to gain
catalytic activity. Molybdenum is bound to a unique pterin, thus forming the molybdenum …

Radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes catalyze an astonishing array of complex
and chemically challenging reactions across all domains of life. Of approximately 114,000 of …

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM, also known as AdoMet) radical enzymes use SAM and a [4Fe-
4S] cluster to catalyze a diverse array of reactions. They adopt a partial triose-phosphate …

Highlights•Molybdenum cofactor is required in two mitochondrial and two cytosolic human
enzymes.•Molybdenum enzymes are able to reduce nitrite to nitric oxide (NO).•Deficiency of …

Covering: up to the end of 2017 C–C bond formations are frequently the key steps in
cofactor and natural product biosynthesis. Historically, C–C bond formations were thought to …

A vast number of enzymes are now known to belong to a superfamily known as radical SAM,
which all contain a [4Fe–4S] cluster ligated by three cysteine residues. The remaining …

Arylsulfatases require a maturating enzyme to perform a co-or posttranslational modification
to form a catalytically essential formylglycine (FGly) residue. In organisms that live …

Highlights•Sactipeptides represent a new class of ribosomally and postranslationally
modified peptides.•Characteristics of sactipeptides: thioether bond, bridging the S of a …