There have been many chapters written about macrophage polarization. These chapters
generally focus on the role of macrophages in orchestrating immune responses by …

In the cornea, resident immune cells are in close proximity to sensory nerves, consistent with
their important roles in the maintenance of nerves in both homeostasis and inflammation …

Autoimmune uveitis is a sight-threatening ocular inflammatory condition in which the retina
and uveal tissues become a target of autoreactive immune cells. While microglia have been …

Certain cellular components of the eye, such as neural retina, are unable to regenerate and
replicate after destructive inflammation. Ocular immune privilege provides the eye with …

Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS).
They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the …

As a common pathology of many ocular disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and
glaucoma, retinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) triggers inflammation and microglia activation …

In the eye immune defenses must take place in a plethora of differing microenvironments
ranging from the corneal and conjunctival epithelia facing the external environment to the …

Eye diseases and injuries constitute a significant clinical problem worldwide. Safe and
effective delivery of drugs to the eye is challenging mostly due to the presence of ocular …

Historically, the eye has been considered as an organ free of lymphatic vessels. In recent
years, however, it became evident, that lymphatic vessels or lymphatic-like vessels …

Folic acid (FA), also termed folate, is an essential vitamin for health at all ages since it
participates in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, neurotransmitters, and certain …