This paper aims to present a review of numerical models for the gas-steel-slag three-phase
flow in gas-stirred ladles. The modeling frameworks is classified as: mixture model …

The significance of the Top Submerged Lance (TSL) technology/process is continuously
increasing in metal production and recycling fields. A large number of studies have been …

For a deeper understanding of the flow-induced erosion and reaction-induced corrosion of
the MgO–C refractory lining in an actual ladle refining process, this study proposed a …

A new model is developed to describe the coalescence and breakup between bubbles and
inclusions. In this model, the density of bubble attached inclusions is calculated through …

The bubble transportation and bubble–steel–slag interactions in gas-stirring vessels in
metallurgical processes is a quite complicated multiphase flow, intricate with multiple time …

There is a need for bubble-scale modeling of bubbly multiphase turbulent flow in gas-stirred
reactors, with a direct resolution of bubble formation, bubble shape, bubble deformation …

A mathematical model was developed to describe gas–liquid flow and mixing behavior in a
new bottom blown oxygen copper smelting furnace, and the model validation was carried …

The ladle furnace was a watershed in the evolution of steelmaking when it was invented in
the 1980s. Both the BOF and the EAF were assigned a more specialized role. The ladle …

We demonstrate a new image processing methodology for resolving gas bubbles travelling
through liquid metal from dynamic neutron radiography images with an intrinsically low …

A grid-filtered scale interface-resolved volume of fluid (VoF) model coupling a sub-grid scale
large eddy simulation (LES) was used to directly simulate bubble behavior and the evolution …