The calyx of Held is a large glutamatergic synapse in the mammalian auditory brainstem. By
using brain slice preparations, direct patch-clamp recordings can be made from the nerve …

The fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) with the plasma membrane of the active zone (AZ)
upon arrival of an action potential (AP) at the presynaptic compartment is a tightly regulated …

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is broadly expressed in the brain and associated with
synaptic plasticity through NMDAR-mediated calcium influx. However, its physiological …

Key points• Using microelectrode biosensors we have directly measured the adenosine
release induced by focal stimulation in stratum radiatum of area CA1 in mouse hippocampal …

The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is specialized for high frequency firing by
expression of Kv3 channels, which minimize action potential (AP) duration, and Kv1 …

The past half century has witnessed tremendous advances in our understanding of
extracellular purinergic signaling pathways. Purinergic neurotransmission, in particular, has …

Adenosine is perhaps the most important and universal modulator in the brain. The current
consensus is that it is primarily produced in the extracellular space from the breakdown of …

Abstract P2X and P2Y nucleotide receptors are described on sensory neurons and their
peripheral and central terminals in dorsal root, nodose, trigeminal, petrosal, retinal and …

Adenosine is an important signalling molecule involved in a large number of physiological
functions. In the brain these processes are as diverse as sleep, memory, locomotion and …

Repetitive nerve activity induces various forms of short-term synaptic plasticity that have
important computational roles in neuronal networks. Several forms of short-term plasticity …