Background Taste is an important factor in evaluating the quality of tea. The sweet and
umami tastes are usually well-accepted for consumers, whereas the bitter and astringent …

The gut harbors an enormous diversity of microbes that are essential for the maintenance of
homeostasis in health and disease. A growing body of evidence supports the role of this …

Incretin peptides, principally GLP-1 and GIP, regulate islet hormone secretion, glucose
concentrations, lipid metabolism, gut motility, appetite and body weight, and immune …

Taste buds are aggregates of 50–100 polarized neuroepithelial cells that detect nutrients
and other compounds. Combined analyses of gene expression and cellular function reveal …

Until recently, the general belief was that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) were healthy
sugar substitutes because they provide sweet taste without calories or glycemic effects …

An attraction for palatable foods rich in lipids is shared by rodents and humans. Over the last
decade, the mechanisms responsible for this specific eating behavior have been actively …

Incretins are gut hormones that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells into the blood within
minutes after eating. One of their many physiological roles is to regulate the amount of …

The clinical efficacy of bariatric surgery has encouraged the scientific investigation of the gut
as a major endocrine organ. Manipulation of gastrointestinal anatomy through surgery has …

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, is released from intestinal L-
cells in response to nutrients. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin …

The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively
and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively …