The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all
microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a …

The increasing prevalence of chronic and hospital-acquired infections produced by
multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa …

Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria
have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the …

Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since
they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants …

The large majority of antibiotics currently used for treating infections and the antibiotic
resistance genes acquired by human pathogens each have an environmental origin. Recent …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

It is well established that multidrug-resistance efflux pumps encoded by bacteria can confer
clinically relevant resistance to antibiotics. It is now understood that these efflux pumps also …

Purpose The recent increase in drug-resistant micro-organisms complicates the
management of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSIs). We investigated the …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …