Opioid reward has traditionally been thought to be mediated by GABA-induced disinhibition
of dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA. However, direct behavioral evidence supporting this …

The number of individuals affected by psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD) has increased
rapidly over the last few decades resulting in economic, emotional, and physical burdens on …

Pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of psychostimulant use disorder are still an unmet
medical goal. Recently, off label use of modafinil (MOD), an approved medication for …

G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been thought to be a putative cannabinoid
receptor. However, little is known about its functional role in cannabinoid action and …

The development of pharmacotherapeutic treatments of psychostimulant abuse has
remained a challenge, despite significant efforts made toward relevant mechanistic targets …

Background and Purpose β‐Caryophyllene (BCP) is a plant‐derived terpenoid used as a
food additive for many decades. Recent studies indicate that BCP is a cannabinoid CB2 …

There is a lack of safe and effective non-opioid medications for the treatment of opioid
addiction. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel protein expressed in astrocytes, regulates …

Abstract (±) Modafinil ((±) MOD) and its R-enantiomer (R-modafinil; R-MOD) have been
investigated for their potential as treatments for psychostimulant addiction. We recently …

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug, but no pharmacological treatment is
yet available for METH use disorders. Similar to METH, the wake-promoting drug (R) …

Cannabis legalization continues to progress in the USA for medical and recreational
purposes. G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a putative “CB3” receptor. However, its …