Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc.
The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant, nearly accounting for 30–50% of
stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs exhibit an immunosuppressive M2-like …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a fundamental challenge in septic cardiomyopathy. Mitophagy
and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt) are the predominant stress …

While intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occupies a key position in the bioenergetic
metabolism of all the cellular compartments that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

A2A receptors (A2AR), a typical GPCR with a high affinity for adenosine, was expressed in
many immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, etc …

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer. As nutrients are scarce in the
tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells adopt multiple metabolic adaptations to meet …

The number and phenotype of macrophages are closely related to tumor growth and
prognosis. Macrophages are recruited to (and polarized at) the tumor site thereby promoting …

Background CD73 is an ectonucleotidase producing the immunosuppressor mediator
adenosine. Elevated levels of circulating CD73 in patients with cancer have been …

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a major component of tumor‐derived small
extracellular vesicles (TEX) in cancer patients. Mechanisms utilized by TGFβ+ TEX to …