Recent studies demonstrate that the density of prey population is not only affected by direct
killing by the predator, but the fear in prey caused by predator also reduces it by cutting …

This work is mainly focused on the series of dynamical analysis of tritrophic food chain
model with Sokol-Howell functional response, incorporating the multiple gestation time …

This paper investigates the rich dynamics in a tritrophic food chain mathematical model,
consisting of three species: prey, intermediate predators, and top predators. It is assumed …

This article examines the optimal control of a mathematical model of the spread of drug
abuse. This model consists of five population classes, namely susceptible to using drugs (S) …

We design and analyse a non-standard finite difference (NSFD) scheme for a class of
predator–prey models with non-monotonic functional response. Such functional response …

The ecosystem comprises many food webs, and their existence is directly dependent upon
the growth rate of primary prey; it balances the whole ecosystem. This paper studies the …

Density distributions of populations with self-diffusion and interaction in a spatial domain are
dynamically visualized with coupled nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations. Incorporating …

In this article, we proposed and analysed the Spatio-temporal dynamics of the food web of
three species, where the predation term of middle predator follows Holling Type IV and top …

Stability of equilibrium points of the prey-predator model with diseases that spreads in
predators where the predation function follows the simplified Holling type IV functional …

This article investigates a fractional-order predator-prey model incorporating prey refuge
and anti-predator behaviour on predator species. For our proposed model, we prove the …