Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at
significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth …

The first months of life are a special time for the health development and protection of
infants. Breastfeeding is the natural and best way of feeding an infant, and positively …

A well-functioning immune system is critical for survival. The immune system must be
constantly alert, monitoring for signs of invasion or danger. Cells of the immune system must …

The innate immune system is the oldest protection strategy that is conserved across all
organisms. Although having an unspecific action, it is the first and fastest defense …

Breastfeeding is widely acknowledged as the normal and unequalled method for feeding
infants due to its associated health benefits, both for the infant and the mother. The World …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most important solid component in
human milk and act in tandem with other bioactive components. Individual HMO levels and …

The authors reviewed the published evidence on the presence of oligosaccharides in
human milk (HMO) and their benefits in in vitro and in vivo studies. The still limited data of …

Diabetes and obesity are metabolic diseases that have become alarming conditions in
recent decades. Their rate of increase is becoming a growing concern worldwide. Recent …

Breastfeeding confers many benefits to the breast-fed infant which are reflected by better
short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to formula-fed infants. Many components of …

Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition of infant growth, whose nutritional value is
mainly attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs, the third most abundant …