Metformin as a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment is widely studied.
Metformin can reduce liver glucose output and improve insulin resistance. Recent evidence …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure,
and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue,
followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response …

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is
observed as a well‐controlled disease by anti‐epileptic agents (AEAs) in about 69 …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. Besides,
regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis …

Increased intestinal barrier permeability, leaky gut, has been reported in patients with
autism. However, its contribution to the development of autism has not been determined. We …

Objectives: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the top causes of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. The review aimed to discuss and summarize the current evidence on the …

Aims In this narrative review, we have analyzed and synthesized current studies relating to
the effects of anti-diabetic drugs on traumatic brain injury (TBI) complications. Methods …

Metformin is a synthetic biguanide used as an antidiabetic drug in type 2 diabetes mellitus,
achieved by studying the bioactive metabolites of Galega officinalis L. It is also used off-label …

Kynurenic acid is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite formed along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway
in the brain and in peripheral tissues. The disturbed formation of kynurenic acid, which …