The retina and brain share similar neurochemistry and neurodevelopmental origins, with the
retina, often viewed as a “window to the brain.” With retinal measures of structure and …

Introduction Abnormal findings on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and
electroretinography (ERG) have been reported in participants with schizophrenia spectrum …

Abstract Background and Hypothesis Approximately one-third of patients with a psychotic
disorder experience visual hallucinations (VH). While new, more targeted treatment options …

Investigators have increasingly turned to studying the retina as a window into brain structure
and function. In neuropsychiatric diseases, retinal anatomy as assessed by optical …

Schizophrenia is characterized by visual distortions in~ 60% of cases, and visual
hallucinations (VH) in~ 25–50% of cases, depending on the sample. These symptoms have …

Previous studies evaluating the morphology of the selected retinal layers in schizophrenia
showed abnormalities regarding macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNLF), and …

Ophthalmological methods have increasingly raised the interest of neuropsychiatric
specialists. While the integrity of the retinal cell functions can be evaluated with the …

Background The retina is recognized as an accessible part of the brain due to their common
embryonic origin. The electroretinogram (ERG) has proven to be a valuable tool for …

Visual hallucinations are common, and patients may not report them if specific inquiries are
not made. Presence or absence of hallucinations may be of diagnostic and therapeutic …

Background Retinal dysfunction is widely documented in schizophrenia using flash (fERG)
and pattern electroretinograms (PERG), but the role of dopamine transmission has seldom …