The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

Advances in neuroscience identified addiction as a chronic brain disease with strong
genetic, neurodevelopmental, and sociocultural components. We here discuss the circuit …

Chronic stress is a major risk factor for depression onset. However, it remains unclear how
repeated stress sculpts neural circuits and finally elicits depression. Given the essential role …

Relief, the appetitive state after the termination of aversive stimuli, is evolutionarily
conserved. Understanding the behavioral role of this well-conserved phenomenon and its …

Addiction is a disease of altered behavior. Addicts use drugs compulsively and will continue
to do so despite negative consequences. Even after prolonged periods of abstinence …

In addition to dopamine neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains GABA-,
glutamate-and co-releasing neurons, and recent reports suggest a complex role for the …

Converging lines of evidence suggest that the pathophysiology of pain is mediated to a
substantial degree via allostatic neuroadaptations in reward-and stress-related brain …

The obsessive–compulsive spectrum refers to disorders drawn from several diagnostic
categories that share core features related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), such …

Addiction is a disorder of behavioral symptoms including enhanced incentive salience of
drug-associated cues, but also a negative affective state. Cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity …

Adaptation of the nervous system to different chemical and physiologic conditions is
important for the homeostasis of brain processes and for learning and remembering …