In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such
as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living …

Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-
sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are …

Nanocellulose is currently in the limelight of extensive research from fundamental science to
technological applications owing to its renewable and carbon‐neutral nature, superior …

Active mechanical metamaterials (AMMs)(or smart mechanical metamaterials) that combine
the configurations of mechanical metamaterials and the active control of stimuli‐responsive …

Shape memory is the capability of a material to be deformed and fixed into a temporary
shape. Recovery of the original shape can then be triggered only by an external stimulus …

Shape memory polymer (SMP) and SMP composites (SMPC) can memorize the permanent
shape and recover from the temporary shape to the permanent shape when stimulated by …

One of the most promising fields for shape‐memory polymers is the biomedical field. Shape‐
memory polymers that can be triggered by various (physiological) conditions such as …

Polymer smart materials are a broad class of polymeric materials that can change their
shapes, mechanical responses, light transmissions, controlled releases, and other functional …

The need to support the two most basic functions [three-dimensional (3D)–shaped support
and actuation] independently for a typical robot demands that at least two components …

Hydrogels are water-absorbing materials with three-dimensional network structures.
Hydrogel actuators have heterogeneous structures and can respond to specific …