Abstract The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental
question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity …

Rhizobial bacteria enter a symbiotic association with leguminous plants, resulting in
differentiated bacteria enclosed in intracellular compartments called symbiosomes within …

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis between plants and members of an ancient
phylum of fungi, the Glomeromycota, improves the supply of water and nutrients, such as …

Legumes are highly important food, feed and biofuel crops. With few exceptions, they can
enter into an intricate symbiotic relationship with specific soil bacteria called rhizobia. This …

The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes requires an integration of infection by
rhizobia at the root epidermis and the initiation of cell division in the cortex, several cell …

Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, is found
in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Although, ample research into GABA has …

Lipochitin oligosaccharides called Nod factors function as primary rhizobial signal
molecules triggering legumes to develop new plant organs: root nodules that host the …

Bacterial infection of interior tissues of legume root nodules is controlled at the epidermal
cell layer and is closely coordinated with progressing organ development. Using …

Rhizobia adopt many different lifestyles including survival in soil, growth in the rhizosphere,
attachment to root hairs and infection and growth within legume roots, both in infection …

The initiation of intracellular infection of legume roots by symbiotic rhizobia bacteria and
arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi is preceded by the induction of calcium signatures in and …