Humans harbor nearly 100 trillion intestinal bacteria, which in terms of numbers, represents
around ten times more microbial cells than eukaryotic cells. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract …

Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The
outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is …

Liver cirrhosis is an increasing health burden and public health concern. Regardless of
etiology, patients with cirrhosis are at risk of a range of life-threatening complications …

Patients with cirrhosis are immunocompromised and susceptible to infections. Although
detection and treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) have improved, overall …

Gut flora and bacterial translocation (BT) play an important role in the pathogenesis of the
complications of cirrhosis. Research on the pathogenesis of BT and its clinical significance …

Innate and adaptive immune dysfunction, also referred to as cirrhosis-associated immune
dysfunction syndrome, is a major component of cirrhosis, and plays a pivotal role in the …

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a dense population of microorganisms,
referred to as the bacterial flora. Although the gut provides a functional barrier between …

OBJECTIVES Bacterial infections are acknowledged causes of morbidity and mortality in
cirrhotic patients; yet, apart from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, other infection issues …

Hyposplenism is not a rare condition and can complicate a remarkable number of illnesses.
The two most time-honored diseases associated with the development of hyposplenism are …

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is complicated by systemic inflammatory response
syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction, the disease will eventually result in death in …