Brain is a vital organ of the human body which performs very important functions such as
analysis, processing, coordination, and execution of electrical signals. For this purpose, it …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that exerts both
homeostatic and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system. In pathological …

Microglia are activated in response to a number of different pathological states within the
CNS including injury, ischemia, and infection. Microglial activation results in their production …

Sphingolipids are highly enriched in the nervous system where they are pivotal constituents
of the plasma membranes and are important for proper brain development and functions …

A large set of inflammatory molecules and their receptors are induced in epileptogenic foci
of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies of structural etiologies or with refractory status …

Major depression and anxiety disorders have high prevalence rates and are frequently
comorbid. The neurobiological bases for these disorders are not fully understood, and …

Brain injury induces a peripheral acute cytokine response that directs the transmigration of
leukocytes into the brain. Because this brain-to-peripheral immune communication affects …

Cytokines are molecules secreted by peripheral immune cells, microglia, astrocytes and
neurons in the central nervous system. Peripheral or central inflammation is characterized …

Humans and animals use the classical five senses of sight, sound, touch, smell and taste to
monitor their environment. The very survival of feral animals depends on these sensory …

Abstract Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine
involved in the innate immune response. TNF-α ligation and downstream signaling with one …