Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

TRIM25 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes,
including regulation of the innate immune response against viruses. TRIM25-mediated …

Rates of spontaneous mutation critically determine the genetic diversity and evolution of
RNA viruses. Although these rates have been characterized in vitro and in cell culture …

Myeloid cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MΦ) are key
components of the innate immune system contributing to the maintenance of tissue …

Studying HIV-infected individuals who control HIV replication (elite controllers [ECs])
enables exploration of effective anti-HIV immunity. HIV Env-specific and non-Env-specific …

Development of novel antiviral molecules from the beginning costs an average of
350millionto 2 billion per drug, and the journey from the laboratory to the clinic takes about …

Host cells respond to viral infections by activating immune response genes that are not only
involved in inflammation, but may also predispose cells to cancerous transformation. One …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non‐coding RNAs that play a central role in the regulation of
gene expression by binding to target mRNAs. Several studies have revealed alterations in …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral therapy.
Suppressing viral replication relies on life-long medication, but anti-retroviral therapy is not …

Background Recognition of viral invasion by innate antiviral immune system triggers
activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory signaling pathways …