Recently, the use of electric batteries has reached great heights due to the invention of
electric vehicles (EVs). Many lithium-ion battery cells are usually connected in series to meet …

The automobile companies are focusing on recent technologies such as growing Hydrogen
(H2) and Fuel Cell (FC) Vehicular Power Train (VPT) to improve the Tank-To-Wheel (TTW) …

Voltage unbalances of the series-connected battery and supercapacitor (SC) cells are
mainly due to their differences in materials, manufacturing technology, internal …

One of the challenges in fuel cell (FC) systems is the snowball effect. Due to repeated
reactions, FCs may be destroyed or become unusable. Membrane drying is an important …

Cell equalization is required in series connected strings to prolong battery lifespans, ensure
safe operation, and to enhance the usable capacity of battery packs. Several cell balancing …

Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation is an excellent example of large-scale electric power
generation through various parallel arrangements of small voltage-generating solar cells or …

Lithium-ion battery (LiB) technology is extensively used in energy storage systems (ESS),
electric vehicles, and portable devices. Optimal cell balancing techniques for a battery …

It has recently been shown that Distributed battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have
several advantages over central battery energy storage systems. These include lightening …

Energy storage systems have become attractive in different applications. However, when the
batteries are connected in series, voltage imbalance in the charging and discharging …

Battery systems have become crucial components in many modern technological solutions.
Battery balancers are among the most important parts of these systems because they play a …