Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Inflammation is triggered by a repertoire of receptors detecting infections and damages.
Some of these receptors directly bind microbial ligands, while others recognize endogenous …

Innate immunity driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protects the host from invading
pathogens. Aquatic animals like fish where the adaptive immunity is poorly developed …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Gram‐positive bacteria ubiquitously produce membrane vesicles (MVs), and although they
contribute to biological functions, our knowledge regarding their composition and …

The therapeutic efficacy of anticancer chemotherapies may depend on dendritic cells (DCs),
which present antigens from dying cancer cells to prime tumor-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) …

Our knowledge regarding the contribution of the innate immune system in recognizing and
subsequently initiating a host response to an invasion of RNA virus has been rapidly …

RIG-I is a key innate immune pattern-recognition receptor that triggers interferon expression
upon detection of intracellular 5′ triphosphate double-stranded RNA (5′ ppp-dsRNA) of …

The demands that are imposed on the liver as a result of its function as a metabolic organ
that extracts nutrients and clears gut-derived microbial products from the blood are met by a …