A great deal of concern has recently arisen regarding the safety of anaesthesia in infants
and children. There is mounting and convincing preclinical evidence in rodents and non …

Various experimental studies in animals have shown that general anaesthetics are
potentially toxic to the developing brain. By inducing apoptosis or interfering with …

BACKGROUND: In vitro and in vivo studies of anesthetics have demonstrated serious
neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. However, the clinical relevance of these findings …

Previously our laboratory has shown that ketamine exposure (24h of clinically relevant
anesthesia) causes significant increases in neuronal cell death in perinatal rhesus monkeys …

Although previously considered entirely reversible, general anaesthesia is now being
viewed as a potentially significant risk to cognitive performance at both extremes of age. A …

Objective: Previously we reported that exposure of 6‐day‐old (P6) rhesus macaques to
isoflurane for 5 hours triggers a robust neuroapoptosis response in developing brain. We …

Background: Anesthetic agents cause cell death in the devel-oping rodent brain and long-
term, mostly hippocampal-dependent, neurocognitive dysfunction. However, a causal link …

Background Retrospective studies in humans have shown a higher prevalence of learning
disabilities in children that received multiple exposures to general anesthesia before the age …

Isoflurane and related anesthetics are widely used to anesthetize children, ranging from
premature babies to adolescents. Concerns have been raised about the safety of these …

Background In animal models, neonatal exposure to volatile anesthetics induces
neuroapoptosis, leading to memory deficits in adulthood. However, effects of neonatal …