A central element of a pipeline's air management infrastructure is typically its set of air
exchange valves (AEVs), a designation that includes air release and air/vacuum valves …

Air valves are used to suppress negative water pressures in water transmission pipelines.
They also play a key role during the water filling and drainage stages in pipeline systems …

For the water-air coupled transient flow phenomenon that occurs when water impacts on
trapped air during the start-up filling process of a pressurized pipeline system, this paper …

A novel strategy for online real-time remote monitoring of air/vacuum valves in water
pipelines is proposed and validated. The sensing setup consists of a fiber Bragg grating …

Air is present in pressurized water systems for a variety of reasons, including incomplete
removal during filling, air entrainment at intakes or entrances, air admission during draining …

The draining operation involves the presence of entrapped air pockets, which are expanded
during the phenomenon occurrence generating drops of sub-atmospheric pressure pulses …