Shiga toxins are the main virulence factors of a group of Escherichia coli strains [Shiga toxin-
producing E. coli (STEC)] that cause severe human diseases, such as haemorrhagic colitis …

Most opportunistic pathogens transit in the environment between hosts and the environment
plays a significant role in the evolution of protective traits. The coincidental evolution …

Shiga toxin (Stx) is the definitive virulence factor of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
(STEC). Stx variants are currently organized into a taxonomic system of three Stx1 (a, c, and …

Free‐living protozoa (FLP) are ubiquitous in natural ecosystems where they play an
important role in the reduction of bacterial biomass and the regeneration of nutrients …

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are Shiga toxin (Stx) producing bacteria
causing a disease characterized by bloody (or non-bloody) diarrhea, which might progress …

Virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains depends on production of
Shiga toxins. These toxins are encoded in genomes of lambdoid bacteriophages (Shiga …

Phage‐encoded S higa toxin (S tx) acts as a bacterial defence against the eukaryotic
predator T etrahymena. To function as an effective bacterial anti‐predator defence, S tx must …

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a diverse group of strains that are
implicated in over 270,000 cases of human illness annually in the United States alone …

The global emergence of clinical diseases caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
(EHEC) is an issue of great concern. EHEC release Shiga toxins (Stxs) as their key virulence …

Escherichia coli O157: H7 is a food-borne bacterium that causes hemorrhagic diarrhea and
hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. While cattle are a known source of E. coli O157: H7 …