Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well
characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are …

The study of inflammation in fear-and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as
growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only major mental disorder for which a cause is
considered to be known: that is, an event that involves threat to the physical integrity of …

Emotional events often attain a privileged status in memory. Cognitive neuroscientists have
begun to elucidate the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying emotional …

Exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and alterations of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) function …

Psychological stress elicits measurable changes in sympathetic-parasympathetic balance
and the tone of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which might negatively affect the …

Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated …

Resilience refers to the ability to successfully adapt to stressors, maintaining psychological
well-being in the face of adversity. Recent years have seen a great deal of research into the …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects individuals
exposed to trauma (eg, combat, interpersonal violence, and natural disasters). Although its …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the related urocortin peptides mediate behavioral,
cognitive, autonomic, neuroendocrine and immunologic responses to aversive stimuli by …