The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for maintaining brain homeostasis by enabling an
exquisite control of exchange of compounds between the blood and the brain parenchyma …

Systemic inflammation has been suggested to have a pivotal role in atherothrombosis, but
the factors that trigger systemic inflammation have not been fully elucidated …

The intestinal barrier is complex and consists of multiple layers, and it provides a physical
and functional barrier to the transport of luminal contents to systemic circulation. While the …

Background Periodontitis is characterized by progressive inflammation and alveolar bone
loss resulting in tooth loss finally. Macrophages including pro-inflammatory M1-like …

Sepsis and septic shock remain drivers for morbidity and mortality in critical illness. The
clinical picture of patients presenting with these syndromes evolves rapidly and may be …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors widely distributed in the organism. In the
central nervous system, they are expressed in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Although …

Tumor hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis are well-known resistance factors for anticancer
therapies. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) enhance tumor …

Diet and the gut microbiota have a profound influence on physiology and health, however,
mechanisms are still emerging. Here we outline several pathways that gut microbiota …

Background Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has made it possible to determine the
sequence and relative abundance of all nucleotides in a biological or environmental …

Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS)
disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is …