An insult to the brain (such as the first seizure) causes excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and
production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). ROS and RNS produced during …

Prior 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) experiments, which simultaneously
measured in vivo rates of total glutamate-glutamine cycling (Vcyc (tot)) and neuronal …

To determine whether plasma lactate can be a significant fuel for human brain energy
metabolism, infusions of [3-13C] lactate and 1H-13C polarization transfer spectroscopy were …

In the last 25 years, 13 C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for the
measurement of glutamate neurotransmission and cell‐specific neuroenergetics. Although …

Deactivation of the human brain's default mode network (DMN) is regarded as suppression
of endogenous activity to support exogenous task-related processes. This phenomenon has …

An individual, human or animal, is defined to be in a conscious state empirically by the
behavioral ability to respond meaningfully to stimuli, whereas the loss of consciousness is …

Carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy in combination with 13C‐labeled substrate infusion is a
powerful technique for measuring a large number of metabolic fluxes noninvasively in vivo. It …

Cerebral function is associated with exceptionally high metabolic activity, and requires
continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream. Since the mid-twentieth …

Hypoglycemia occurs frequently during intensive insulin therapy in patients with both type 1
and type 2 diabetes and remains the single most important obstacle in achieving tight …

Rodent 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies show that glutamatergic signaling
requires high oxidative energy in the awake resting state and allowed calibration of …