Neurons that synthesize and release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) express a core
set of genes that establish and maintain this neurotransmitter phenotype and distinguish …

How do brain systems evaluate the affective valence of a stimulus—that is, its quality of
being good or bad? One possibility is that a neural subsystem, or 'module'(such as a …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

A large body of evidence has indicated that the phasic responses of midbrain dopamine
neurons show a remarkable similarity to a type of teaching signal (temporal difference (TD) …

The serotonin system modulates a wide variety of emotional behaviors and states, including
reward processing, anxiety, and social interaction. To reveal the underlying patterns of …

The interactions between predator and prey represent some of the most dramatic events in
nature and constitute a matter of life and death for both sides. The hypothalamus has been …

Anhedonia, as evidenced by impaired pleasurable response to reward, reduced reward
motivation, and/or deficits in reward-related learning, is a common feature of depression …

The combined development of new technologies for neuronal recordings and the
development of novel sensors for recording both cellular activity and neurotransmitter …

Chronic, uncontrollable stress can lead to various pathologies [1–6]. Adaptive behaviors,
such as reward consumption, control excessive stress responses and promote positive …

Appropriate processing of reward and aversive information is essential for survival. Although
a critical role of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in reward …