The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that
plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated upon the accumulation of misfolded
proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are sensed by the binding immunoglobulin …

Abstract α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in
SERPINA1, leading to liver and lung disease. It is not a rare disorder but frequently goes …

Immune responses occur in the midst of a variety of cellular stresses that can severely
perturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The unfolded protein response is a three …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when ER homeostasis is perturbed with
accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein or calcium depletion. The unfolded protein …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may be both a trigger and consequence of chronic
inflammation. Chronic inflammation is often associated with diseases that arise because of …

Rationale: Severe α1-antitrypsin deficiency (typically PiZZ homozygosity) is associated with
a significantly increased risk of airflow obstruction and emphysema but the risk of chronic …

Pathological inflammation and autoimmune disease frequently involve elevated neutrophil
activity in the absence of infectious agents. Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) contributes to …

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a group of circulating plasma proteins which undergo
changes quantitatively or qualitatively at the time of inflammation. Many of these APPs are …

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is the canonical serine protease inhibitor of neutrophil-derived
proteases and can modulate innate immune mechanisms through its anti-inflammatory …