The biology of bone healing is a rapidly developing science. Advances in transgenic and
gene‐targeted mice have enabled tissue and cell‐specific investigations of skeletal …

The canonical role of the hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems is to maintain vascular integrity.
Perturbations in either system can prompt primary pathological end points of hemorrhage or …

Plasminogen is an abundant plasma protein that exists in various zymogenic forms.
Plasmin, the proteolytically active form of plasminogen, is known for its essential role in …

Impaired bone healing occurs in 5–10% of cases following injury, leading to a significant
economic and clinical impact. While an inflammatory response upon injury is necessary to …

Abstract Treatment of large bone defects, particularly bone non-union, remains a clinical
challenge. The gold-standard bone substitute continues to be an autologous bone graft …

The innate immune system comprises a cellular and a humoral arm. Humoral pattern
recognition molecules include complement components, collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins …

Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and strength, rendering people
prone to osteoporotic fractures caused by low-energy forces. The primary treatment strategy …

Bone fractures create five problems that must be resolved: bleeding, risk of infection,
hypoxia, disproportionate strain, and inability to bear weight. There have been enormous …

Improving revascularization is one of the major measures in fracture treatment. Moderate
local inflammation triggers angiogenesis, whereas systemic inflammation hampers …

Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis,
and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with systemic inflammation. Inflammation …