The ultimate goal of radiation oncology is to eradicate tumours without toxicity to non-
malignant tissues. FLASH radiotherapy, or the delivery of ultra-high dose rates of radiation …

Radiation therapy is one of the most widely used therapies for malignancies. The
therapeutic use of heavy ions, such as carbon, has gained significant interest due to …

Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia
and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions …

Radiotherapy with high-energy charged particles has become an attractive therapeutic
option for patients with several tumour types because this approach better spares healthy …

Radiotherapy should have low toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue) and be very
effective in cell killing in the target region (tumour). In this regard, ions heavier than protons …

Charged particle therapy has been largely driven and influenced by nuclear physics. The
increase in energy deposition density along the ion path in the body allows reducing the …

Cells manage to survive, thrive, and divide with high accuracy despite the constant threat of
DNA damage. Cells have evolved with several systems that efficiently repair spontaneous …

Immunotherapy is radically changing the clinical management of patients affected by an
increasingly wide array of tumours. However, not all patients achieve long-term clinical …

Carbon ion therapy is a promising evolving modality in radiotherapy to treat tumors that are
radioresistant against photon treatments. As carbon ions are more effective in normal and …

These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates to the 2015 NCCN Guidelines for
Head and Neck (H&N) Cancers. These Insights describe the different types of particle …