Abstract Oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer is a major cause of cancer death
in women. Although aromatase inhibitors suppress the function of ER and reduce the risk of …

The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin
(mTOR) pathway is a complicated intracellular pathway, which leads to cell growth and …

Gene expression profiling has reshaped our understanding of breast cancer by defining and
characterizing four main intrinsic molecular subtypes: human epidermal growth factor …

Abstract Approximately 70− 75% of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER),
indicating a level of dependence on estrogen for growth. Endocrine therapy is an important …

Activation of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR) pathway is common in breast cancer. There is preclinical data to support inhibition …

The development of precision medicine for the management of metastatic breast cancer is
an appealing concept; however, major scientific and logistical challenges hinder its …

Background Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a promising approach to
overcome resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Pictilisib is an oral inhibitor of …

The PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway is frequently activated in cancer. PI3K inhibitors, including
the pan-PI3K inhibitor buparlisib (BKM120) and the PI3Kα-selective inhibitor alpelisib …

Breast Cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent disease. A woman living in the United States has a
12.3% lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer [1]. It is the most common female …

Importance Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) classified by transcriptional profiling as the
mesenchymal subtype frequently harbors aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase …