Epithelial–mesenchymal transition is an indispensable mechanism during morphogenesis,
as without mesenchymal cells, tissues and organs will never be formed. However, epithelial …

Prokaryotic mechanosensitive channels function as molecular switches that transduce
bilayer deformations into protein motion. These protein structural rearrangements generate …

During early development of the sea urchin embryo, activation of ERK signalling in
mesodermal precursors is not triggered by extracellular RTK ligands but by a cell …

Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) control many cellular events from complex
programmes, such as embryogenesis, cell differentiation and proliferation, and cell death, to …

Understanding the functional relationship between intracellular factors and extracellular
signals is required for reconstructing gene regulatory networks (GRN) involved in complex …

A fundamental goal in the organogenesis field is to understand how cells organize into
tubular shapes. Toward this aim, we have established the hydro-vascular organ in the sea …

The transcriptional inhibitor Snail is a critical regulator for epithelial–mesenchymal transition
(EMT). Although low oxygen induces Snail transcription, thereby stimulating EMT, a direct …

A central challenge of developmental and evolutionary biology is to understand the
transformation of genetic information into morphology. Elucidating the connections between …

Growth factor signaling pathways provide essential cues to mesoderm cells during
gastrulation in many metazoans. Recent studies have implicated the VEGF and FGF …

A systematic search in the available scaffolds of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome
has revealed that this sea urchin has 11 members of the ets gene family. A phylogenetic …