The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies (TNFSF/TNFRSF)
include 19 ligands and 29 receptors that play important roles in the modulation of cellular …

Glucocorticoids regulate fundamental processes of the human body and control cellular
functions such as cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover …

Activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway contributes to the initiation
and maintenance of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. The Bruton tyrosine …

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus, characterized by persistent inflammation, is a
complex autoimmune disorder with no known cure. Immunosuppressants used in treatment …

The immunosuppressive function of regulatory B cells has been shown in several murine
models of chronic inflammation, including collagen-induced arthritis, inflammatory bowel …

Objective B cells are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), and rituximab induces depletion of B cells. The Exploratory Phase II/III …

FAS belongs to the subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) family that
contains an intracellular" death domain" and triggers apoptosis. Its physiological ligand …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is characterized by a global loss of self-
tolerance with activation of autoreactive T and B cells leading to production of pathogenic …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder. The study of
diverse mouse models of lupus has provided clues to the etiology of SLE. Spontaneous …

In germinal centres, somatic hypermutation and B cell selection increase antibody affinity
and specificity for the immunizing antigen, but the generation of autoreactive B cells is an …