This paper reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and τ τ-lepton
properties obtained by the Heavy Flavour Averaging Group using results available through …

The quark model was formulated in 1964 to classify mesons as bound states made of a
quark–antiquark pair, and baryons as bound states made of three quarks. For a long time all …

This paper reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and τ-lepton
properties obtained by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group using results available before …

We present the new parton distribution functions (PDFs) from the CTEQ-TEA collaboration,
obtained using a wide variety of high-precision Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data, in …

Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be
described by a local SU (3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers” …

We discuss our present knowledge of α s, the fundamental running coupling or effective
charge of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). A precise understanding of the running of α s …

There are two mass generating mechanisms in the standard model of particle physics (SM).
One is related to the Higgs boson and fairly well understood. The other is embedded in …

This article reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and τ τ-lepton
properties obtained by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group using results available through …

We review the present theoretical and empirical knowledge for α s, the fundamental
coupling underlying the interactions of quarks and gluons in Quantum Chromodynamics …

Since the discovery of the first charmed meson in 1976, many open-charm and open-bottom
hadrons were observed. In 2003 two narrow charm-strange states $ D_ {s0}^{\ast}(2317) …