Betaine is known as trimethylglycine and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and
microorganisms. Betaine is known to function physiologically as an important …

Betaine is a kind of water-soluble quaternary amine-type alkaloid widely existing in food,
such as wheat germ, beet, spinach, shrimp and wolfberry. As an important methyl donor and …

Abstract Aims Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline and betaine serum levels have been
associated with metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty …

Betaine is a derivative of the amino acid glycine widely investigated for its hepatoprotective
properties against alcoholism. The protective properties of betaine in different other …

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by increased
pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to right ventricular failure and death. Recent studies …

Gut barrier dysfunction and bacterial endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide; LPS) translocation to
the systemic circulation are prominent clinical challenges in cirrhotic patients. Several …

Cholestasis-associated renal injury, known as cholemic nephropathy (CN), is a severe
clinical complication. CN could lead to acute kidney injury. However, there is no specific …

Aspergillus flavus is a filamentous fungus found in nature and characterized by the
production of bright and colourful colonies. It grows on different substrates, producing …

Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine with
chemokine properties released by various immune and non-immune cells. It contributes to …

Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process that occurs in the development of various
chronic liver diseases into cirrhosis and liver cancer, characterized by excessive deposition …