With increasing life expectations, more and more patients suffer from fractures either
induced by intensive sports or other bone-related diseases. The balance between …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling
has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone …

The skeleton is a highly dynamic tissue whose structure relies on the balance between bone
deposition and resorption. This equilibrium, which depends on osteoblast and osteoclast …

The MAP kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways play fundamental roles in a wide range of
cellular processes and are often deregulated in disease states. One major mode of action for …

The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones …

Osteoblast differentiation is a multi‐step process where mesenchymal cells differentiate into
osteoblast lineage cells including osteocytes. Osterix (Osx) is an osteoblast‐specific …

The p38 family is a highly evolutionarily conserved group of mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs) that is involved in and helps co-ordinate cellular responses to nearly all …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines belonging to the transforming growth
factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. They play multiple functions during development and tissue …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ancient signal transducers well
characterized as mediators of inflammation and neoplastic transformation. Recent work has …

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway can be activated in
response to a wide range of extracellular signals. As a consequence, it can generate many …