Fires in the railway trains are prone to cause large numbers of casualties, serious economic
losses, and huge negative social impacts. The railway train carriage is a special confined …

The extreme temperature induced by fire and hot toxic smokes in tunnels threaten the
trapped personnel and firefighters. To alleviate the potential casualties, fast while …

Tunnel fire is one of the most severe global fire hazards and causes a significant amount of
economic losses and casualties every year. Over the last 50 years, numerous full-scale and …

The number of urban tunnels has been increasing rapidly, accompanied by frequent tunnel
fire accidents owing to the complex tunnel structure and large traffic flow. In this study, a full …

The ceiling gas temperature is an important evaluation indicator for determining tunnel fire
hazards. The maximum and longitudinal distributions of the ceiling gas temperature are …

A full-size metro train carriage (internal dimensions 19.1 m× 3.0 m× 2.65 m) is burned to
investigate the fire growth process during the initial-3-minute. The heat release rate (HRR) …

Vehicle fires in the tunnel are a great threat to the safe operation of the tunnel. Due to the
rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the fire due to the hydrogen leakage could not …

Investigating fire effects is a continuing endeavour in the research and practice communities
concerned with the design and safety of shield tunnels. This paper aims to provide a …

The catastrophic tunnel fire accidents are usually accompanied with multiple fires burning.
This work experimentally studied the temperature-determined flame extension below the …

Hydrogen leakage of vehicles in the tunnel is a great threat to the safety operation of the
tunnel and longitudinal ventilation strategies have always been utilized to control the fire …