Shiga toxin (Stx) is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known. Stx is found in Shigella
dysenteriae 1 and in some serogroups of Escherichia coli (called Stx1 in E. coli). In addition …

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is an emergent pathogen that can induce haemolytic
uraemic syndrome. The toxin has received considerable attention not only from …

Cholesterol–sphingolipid microdomains (lipid rafts) are part of the machinery ensuring
correct intracellular trafficking of proteins and lipids. The most apparent roles of rafts are in …

Shiga toxins are virulence factors produced by the bacteria Shigella dysenteriae and certain
strains of Escherichia coli. There is currently no available treatment for disease caused by …

The mechanism of cholera toxin (CT) internalization has been investigated using Caco-2
cells transfected with caveolin to induce formation of caveolae, HeLa cells with inducible …

The endocytic itineraries of lipid raft markers, such as glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-
anchored proteins and glycosphingolipids, are incompletely understood. Here we show that …

The distribution of specific toll-like receptors and components of the signaling pathways
activated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella were studied in airway epithelial cells …

Ricin, cholera, and Shiga toxin belong to a family of protein toxins that enter the cytosol to
exert their action. Since all three toxins are routed from the cell surface through the Golgi …

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is used by a number of viruses and toxins to gain entry into
cells. Some have evolved to use specific lipids in the plasma membrane as their receptors …

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 has become a
global threat to public health, as a primary cause of a worldwide spread of hemorrhagic …