Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient for intracellular activities; it functions as a cofactor
for a variety of enzymes, including arginase, glutamine synthetase (GS), pyruvate …

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by distinct aging-
independent loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region …

Manganese (Mn) is an essential heavy metal. However, Mn's nutritional aspects are
paralleled by its role as a neurotoxicant upon excessive exposure. In this review, we …

Occupational or environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) can lead to the development of
“Manganism,” a neurological condition showing certain motor symptoms similar to …

Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as
it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe 2+) and ferric (Fe 3+) forms …

Although manganese is an essential trace metal, little is known about its transport and
homeostatic regulation. Here we have identified a cohort of patients with a novel autosomal …

Understanding of the immediate mechanisms of Mn-induced neurotoxicity is rapidly
evolving. We seek to provide a summary of recent findings in the field, with an emphasis to …

Aggregation of α‐synuclein is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy
bodies. We here investigate the relationship between cytosolic Ca2+ and α‐synuclein …

The pollution of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment is a significant global environmental
issue, characterized by its extensive distribution, severe contamination, and profound …

Abstract Purpose of Review The purpose of the study was to discuss the main mechanisms
associated with environmental and genetic factors that contribute to the development of …