During development of disease, complex intracellular signaling pathways regulate an
intricate series of events, including resistance to external toxins, the secretion of cytokines …

Introduction: PDEs are key enzymes in the adenosine and guanosine cyclic nucleotides
(cAMP and cGMP) signaling cascade. Their inhibition increases cyclic nucleotide levels …

Abstract Thus far, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors have not been approved for
application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a clinical setting due to severe side effects, such …

Mechanisms driving persistent airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) are incompletely understood. As secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) …

Introduction: Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS) is a
disease phenotype that shares T helper lymphocyte cell Th1/neutrophilic/non-Type-2 …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Sumu (Lignum sappan), the dry heartwood of
Caesalpinia sappan L., is a traditional Chinese medicine used as an analgesic and anti …

Abstract Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors can prevent the breakdown of the
second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and improve cognitive …

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify genetic variants underlying complex
traits but are limited by stringent genome-wide significance thresholds. We present GRIN …

The safety and efficacy of topical E6005, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in Japanese
adults with atopic dermatitis were evaluated. A total of 78 patients were randomized to …

Abstract Rationale Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a super family of enzymes responsible
for the halting of intracellular cyclic nucleotide signaling and may represent novel …