Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells specialize in helping B cells and are therefore critical
contributors to the generation of humoral immunity. Tfh cells aid immunoglobulin class …

Both B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40 signaling are rewired in germinal center (GC) B cells
(GCBCs) to synergistically induce c-MYC and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6) …

In antibody responses, mutated germinal center B (BGC) cells are positively selected for
reentry or differentiation. As the products from GCs, memory B cells and antibody-secreting …

Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of
autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) directly determines patients' outcomes and therapeutic
efficiencies. An in‐depth understanding of the TME is required to improve the prognosis of …

B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Once generated, they
serve multiple roles in immune regulation and host defense. However, their most important …

Germinal centers (GCs) form in lymph nodes after immunization or infection to facilitate
antibody affinity maturation and memory and plasma cell (PC) development. PC …

Studies on the role of interleukins (ILs) in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases allow for
the better understanding of pathologic mechanisms of disease and reshaping of treatment …

Abstract Purpose of Review Immunoglobulin A (IgA) mediates immune exclusion of antigens
in the gut. Notably, IgA plays also a role in the prevention of IgE-mediated allergies and …