During protein synthesis, tRNA and mRNA are translocated from the A to P to E sites of the
ribosome thus enabling the ribosome to translate one codon of mRNA after the other …

During translation, a conserved GTPase elongation factor—EF-G in bacteria or eEF2 in
eukaryotes—translocates tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome. EF-G has been proposed …

Ribosomes accurately decode mRNA by proofreading each aminoacyl-tRNA that is
delivered by the elongation factor EF-Tu. To understand the molecular mechanism of this …

Internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) mediate cap-independent translation of viral mRNAs.
Using electron cryo-microscopy of a single specimen, we present five ribosome structures …

The mammalian mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) and its associated translational
factors have evolved to accommodate greater participation of proteins in mitochondrial …

Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite that causes diarrhea in humans. Using single-
particle cryo-electron microscopy, we have determined high-resolution structures of six …

GTP hydrolysis is a biologically crucial reaction, being involved in regulating almost all
cellular processes. As a result, the enzymes that catalyze this reaction are among the most …

Alternative ribosome subunit proteins are prevalent in the genomes of diverse bacterial
species, but their functional significance is controversial. Attempts to study microbial …

It has been hypothesized that early enzymes are more promiscuous than their extant
orthologs. Whether or not this hypothesis applies to the translation machinery, the oldest …

The antibiotic fusidic acid (FA) is used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. It inhibits
protein synthesis by binding to elongation factor G (EF-G) and preventing its release from …