The sympathetic nervous system maintains metabolic homeostasis by orchestrating the
activity of organs such as the pancreas, liver, and white and brown adipose tissues. From …

Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with peripheral organs largely
via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Through such communications, the sympathetic …

Historically, pancreatic islet beta cells have been viewed as principal regulators of glycemia,
with type 2 diabetes (T2D) resulting when insulin secretion fails to compensate for …

Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's
disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated …

The cephalic phase insulin response (CPIR) is classically defined as a head receptor-
induced early release of insulin during eating that precedes a postabsorptive rise in blood …

Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic disease and a substantial risk factor of
other fatal illnesses. At its core is insulin resistance, where chronic low-level inflammation is …

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (CAIR) represents an important homeostatic
regulatory mechanism for sensing and controlling the body's response to inflammatory …

Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway
from homocysteine to cystathionine, and its deficiency leads to hyperhomocysteinemia …

Insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell proliferation are tightly regulated by several
signals such as hormones, nutrients, and neurotransmitters. However, the autonomic control …

Adrenaline inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells to allow an organism to cover
immediate energy needs by unlocking internal nutrient reserves. The stimulation of α2 …